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Ma W, Wei Z, Wang P and Asanuma J (2020), "Transpiration and evaporation of grassland using land surface modelling", Hydrological Processes., jun, 2020. Wiley.
Abstract: Partitioning transpiration (T) from evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process for understanding the interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere. This paper reports daily partitioning results for a grassland over a 10‐year period, obtained using the Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) land surface model. Hourly forcing data were collected from a long‐term observation system located in the northeast of Japan (http://doi.org/10.24575/0001.198108). To test the model behavior, total ET was validated using eddy correlation measurements combined with the energy balance method. The results were compared with previous research using an isotope approach for partitioning. The results demonstrate that our model can capture the dynamics of ET and its components at this location. Evaporation (E), originating from the ground and canopy, varied inter‐annually, and from 2006 to 2015, average annual E was approximately 285 mm/year from the ground and 45 mm/year from the canopy. Average, T, was approximately 302 mm/year, accounting for approximately 48% of the total ET. Inter‐annual results demonstrate that the water flux transported by vegetation ranges from 17 to 83% during the April–October period. A sensitivity test conducted with forcing data indicates air temperature, incident solar radiation, and longwave radiation exhibited a notable effect on all ET components. Relative humidity exhibited the only negative feedback to both evaporation and transpiration, contrary to the other forcing parameters. Our study reemphasized the effectiveness of CLM3.5 in partitioning T from ET and in understanding the complex interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere.
BibTeX:
@article{Ma2020,
  author = {Wenchao Ma and Zhongwang Wei and Pei Wang and Jun Asanuma},
  title = {Transpiration and evaporation of grassland using land surface modelling},
  journal = {Hydrological Processes},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1002/hyp.13792}
}
Chen F, Crow WT, Cosh MH, Colliander A, Asanuma J, Berg A, Bosch DD, Caldwell TG, Collins CH, Jensen KH, Mart\inez-Fernández J, McNairn H, Starks PJ, Su Z and Walker JP (2019), "Uncertainty of Reference Pixel Soil Moisture Averages Sampled at SMAP Core Validation Sites", Journal of Hydrometeorology., aug, 2019. Vol. 20(8), pp. 1553-1569. American Meteorological Society.
Abstract: Despite extensive efforts to maximize ground coverage and improve upscaling functions within core validation sites (CVS) of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, spatial averages of point-scale soil moisture observations often fail to accurately capture the true average of the reference pixels. Therefore, some level of pixel-scale sampling error from in situ observations must be considered during the validation of SMAP soil moisture retrievals. Here, uncertainties in the SMAP core site average soil moisture (CSASM) due to spatial sampling errors are examined and their impact on CSASM-based SMAP calibration and validation metrics is discussed. The estimated uncertainty (due to spatial sampling limitations) of mean CSASM over time is found to be large, translating into relatively large sampling uncertainty levels for SMAP retrieval bias when calculated against CSASM. As a result, CSASM-based SMAP bias estimates are statistically insignificant at nearly all SMAP CVS. In addition, observations from temporary networks suggest that these (already large) bias uncertainties may be underestimated due to undersampled spatial variability. The unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) of CSASM is estimated via two approaches: classical sampling theory and triple collocation, both of which suggest that CSASM ubRMSE is generally within the range of 0.01–0.02 m3 m−3. Although limitations in both methods likely lead to underestimation of ubRMSE, the results suggest that CSASM captures the temporal dynamics of the footprint-scale soil moisture relatively well and is thus a reliable reference for SMAP ubRMSE calculations. Therefore, spatial sampling errors are revealed to have very different impacts on efforts to estimate SMAP bias and ubRMSE metrics using CVS data.
BibTeX:
@article{chen19,
  author = {Fan Chen and Wade T. Crow and Michael H. Cosh and Andreas Colliander and Jun Asanuma and Aaron Berg and David D. Bosch and Todd G. Caldwell and Chandra Holifield Collins and Karsten Høgh Jensen and Jose Mart\inez-Fernández and Heather McNairn and Patrick J. Starks and Zhongbo Su and Jeffrey P. Walker},
  title = {Uncertainty of Reference Pixel Soil Moisture Averages Sampled at SMAP Core Validation Sites},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {20},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1553--1569},
  doi = {10.1175/JHM-D-19-0049.1}
}
Kaihotsu I, Asanuma J, Aida K and Oyunbaatar D (2019), "Evaluation of the AMSR2 L2 soil moisture product of JAXA on the Mongolian Plateau over seven years (2012 - 2018)", SN Applied Sciences., oct, 2019. Vol. 1(11) Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
Abstract: This study evaluated the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) L2 soil moisture product (ver. 3) using in situ hydrological observational data, acquired over 7 years (2012–2018), from a 50 × 50 km flat area of the Mongolian Plateau covered with bare soil, pasture and shrubs. Although AMSR2 slightly underestimated soil moisture content at 3-cm depth, satisfactory timing was observed in both the response patterns and the in situ soil moisture data, and the differences between these factors were not large. In terms of the relationship between AMSR2 soil moisture from descending orbits and in situ measured soil moisture at 3-cm depth, the values of the RMSE (m3/m3) and the bias (m3/m3) varied from 0.028 to 0.063 and from 0.011 to − 0.001 m3/m3, respectively. The values of the RMSE and bias depended on rainfall condition. The mean value of the RMSE for the 7-year period was 0.042 m3/m3, i.e., lower than the target accuracy 0.050 m3/m3. The validation results for descending orbits were found slightly better than for ascending orbits. Comparison of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture product with the AMSR2 L2 soil moisture product showed that AMSR2 could observe surface soil moisture with nearly same accuracy and stability. However, the bias of the AMSR2 soil moisture measurement was slightly negative and poorer than that of SMOS with deeper soil moisture measurement. It means that AMSR2 cannot effectively measure soil moisture at 3-cm depth. In situ soil temperature at 3-cm depth and surface vegetation (normalized difference vegetation index) did not influence the underestimation of AMSR2 soil moisture measurements. These results suggest that a possible cause of the underestimation of AMSR2 soil moisture measurements is the difference between the depth of the AMSR2 observations and in situ soil moisture measurements. Overall, this study proved the AMSR2 L2 soil moisture product has been useful for monitoring daily surface soil moisture over large grassland areas and it clearly demonstrated the high-performance capability of AMSR2 since 2012.
BibTeX:
@article{kaihotsu19,
  author = {Ichirow Kaihotsu and Jun Asanuma and Kentaro Aida and Dambaravjaa Oyunbaatar},
  title = {Evaluation of the AMSR2 L2 soil moisture product of JAXA on the Mongolian Plateau over seven years (2012 - 2018)},
  journal = {SN Applied Sciences},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {1},
  number = {11},
  doi = {10.1007/s42452-019-1488-y}
}
Bindlish R, Cosh M, Jackson T, Koike T, Fujii H, Chan S, Asanuma J, Berg A, Bosch D, Caldwell T, Collins C, Mcnairn H, Martinez-Fernandez J, Prueger J, Rowlandson T, Seyfried M, Starks P, Thibeault M, Van Der Velde R, Walker J and Coopersmith E (2018), "GCOM-W AMSR2 soil moisture product validation using core validation sites.", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. Vol. 11(1), pp. 209-219.
Abstract: Abstract:
The Advanced microwave scanning radiometer 2 (AMSR2) is part of the global change observationmission-water (GCOM-W). AMSR2 has filled the gap in passive microwave observations left by the loss of theAMSR-earth observing system (AMSR-E) after almost ten years of observations. Both missions provide brightness temperature observations that are used to retrieve soil moisture estimates at the near surface. A merged AMSR-E and AMSR2 data product will help build a consistent long-term dataset; however, before this can be done, it is necessary to conduct a thorough validation and assessment of the AMSR2 soil moisture products. This study focuses on the validation of the AMSR2 soil moisture products by comparison with in situ reference data from a set of core validation sites around the world. A total of three soil moisture products that rely on different algorithms were evaluated; the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) soil moisture algorithm, the land parameter retrieval model (LPRM), and the single channel algorithm (SCA). JAXA, SCA, and LPRM soil moisture estimates capture the overall climatological features. The spatial features of the three products have similar overall spatial structure. The JAXA soil moisture product shows a lower dynamic range in the retrieved soil moisture with a satisfactory performance matrix when compared to in situ observations [unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) = 0.059 m3/m3, Bias = -0.083 m3 /m3, R = 0.465]. The SCA performs well over low and moderately vegetated areas (ubRMSE = 0.053 m3/m3, Bias = -0.039 m3/m3, R = 0.549). The LPRM product has a large dynamic range compared to in situ observations with a wet bias (ubRMSE = 0.094 m3 /m3, Bias = 0.091 m3/m3, R = 0.577). Some of the error is due to the difference in observation depth between the in situ sensors (5 cm) and satellite estimates (1 cm). Results indicate that overall the JAXA and SCA have the best performance based upon the metrics considered.
BibTeX:
@article{bindish17,
  author = {Bindlish, R. and Cosh, M.H. and Jackson, T.J. and Koike, T. and Fujii, H. and Chan, S.K. and Asanuma, J. and Berg, A. and Bosch, D.D. and Caldwell, T. and Collins, C.H. and Mcnairn, H. and Martinez-Fernandez, J. and Prueger, J. and Rowlandson, T. and Seyfried, M. and Starks, P. and Thibeault, M. and Van Der Velde, R. and Walker, J.P. and Coopersmith, E.J.},
  title = {GCOM-W AMSR2 soil moisture product validation using core validation sites.},
  journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {209-219},
  doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2754293}
}
Chan S, Bindlish R, O'Neill P, Jackson T, Njoku E, Dunbar S, Chaubell J, Piepmeier J, Yueh S, Entekhabi D, Colliander A, Chen F, Cosh M, Caldwell T, Walker J, Berg A, McNairn H, Thibeault M, Mart?nez-Fern?ndez J, Uldall F, Seyfried M, Bosch D, Starks P, Collins CH, Prueger J, van der Velde R, Asanuma J, Palecki M, Small E, Zreda M, Calvet J, Crow W and Kerr Y (2018), "Development and assessment of the SMAP enhanced passive soil moisture product", Remote Sensing of Environment. Vol. 204(Supplement C), pp. 931 - 941.
Abstract: Launched in January 2015, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) observatory was designed to provide frequent global mapping of high-resolution soil moisture and freeze-thaw state every two to three days using a radar and a radiometer operating at L-band frequencies. Despite a hardware mishap that rendered the radar inoperable shortly after launch, the radiometer continues to operate nominally, returning more than two years of science data that have helped to improve existing hydrological applications and foster new ones. Beginning in late 2016 the SMAP project launched a suite of new data products with the objective of recovering some high-resolution observation capability loss resulting from the radar malfunction. Among these new data products are the SMAP Enhanced Passive Soil Moisture Product that was released in December 2016, followed by the SMAP/Sentinel-1 Active-Passive Soil Moisture Product in April 2017. This article covers the development and assessment of the SMAP Level 2 Enhanced Passive Soil Moisture Product (L2_SM_P_E). The product distinguishes itself from the current SMAP Level 2 Passive Soil Moisture Product (L2_SM_P) in that the soil moisture retrieval is posted on a 9km grid instead of a 36km grid. This is made possible by first applying the Backus-Gilbert optimal interpolation technique to the antenna temperature (TA) data in the original SMAP Level 1B Brightness Temperature Product to take advantage of the overlapped radiometer footprints on orbit. The resulting interpolated TA data then go through various correction/calibration procedures to become the SMAP Level 1C Enhanced Brightness Temperature Product (L1C_TB_E). The L1C_TB_E product, posted on a 9km grid, is then used as the primary input to the current operational SMAP baseline soil moisture retrieval algorithm to produce L2_SM_P_E as the final output. Images of the new product reveal enhanced visual features that are not apparent in the standard product. Based on in situ data from core validation sites and sparse networks representing different seasons and biomes all over the world, comparisons between L2_SM_P_E and in situ data were performed for the duration of April 1, 2015?October 30, 2016. It was found that the performance of the enhanced 9km L2_SM_P_E is equivalent to that of the standard 36km L2_SM_P, attaining a retrieval uncertainty below 0.040m3/m3 unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) and a correlation coefficient above 0.800. This assessment also affirmed that the Single Channel Algorithm using the V-polarized TB channel (SCA-V) delivered the best retrieval performance among the various algorithms implemented for L2_SM_P_E, a result similar to a previous assessment for L2_SM_P.
BibTeX:
@article{chan18,
  author = {S.K. Chan and R. Bindlish and P. O'Neill and T. Jackson and E. Njoku and S. Dunbar and J. Chaubell and J. Piepmeier and S. Yueh and D. Entekhabi and A. Colliander and F. Chen and M.H. Cosh and T. Caldwell and J. Walker and A. Berg and H. McNairn and M. Thibeault and J. Mart?nez-Fern?ndez and F. Uldall and M. Seyfried and D. Bosch and P. Starks and C. Holifield Collins and J. Prueger and R. van der Velde and J. Asanuma and M. Palecki and E.E. Small and M. Zreda and J. Calvet and W.T. Crow and Y. Kerr},
  title = {Development and assessment of the SMAP enhanced passive soil moisture product},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {204},
  number = {Supplement C},
  pages = {931 - 941},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425717303917},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.025}
}
Chen F, Crow WT, Bindlish R, Colliander A, Burgin MS, Asanuma J and Aida K (2018), "Global-scale evaluation of SMAP, SMOS and ASCAT soil moisture products using triple collocation", Remote Sensing of Environment., sep, 2018. Vol. 214, pp. 1-13. Elsevier BV.
Abstract: Global-scale surface soil moisture products are currently available from multiple remote sensing platforms. Footprint-scale assessments of these products are generally restricted to limited number of densely-instrumented validation sites. However, by taking active and passive soil moisture products together with a third independent soil moisture estimates via land surface modeling, triple collocation (TC) can be applied to estimate the correlation metric of satellite soil moisture products (versus an unknown ground truth) over a quasi-global domain. Here, an assessment of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) surface soil moisture retrievals via TC is presented. Considering the potential violation of TC error assumptions, the impact of active-passive and satellite-model error cross correlations on the TC-derived inter-comparison results is examined at in situ sites using quadruple collocation analysis. In addition, confidence intervals for the TC-estimated correlation metric are constructed from moving-block bootstrap sampling designed to preserve the temporal persistence of the original (unevenly-sampled) soil moisture time-series. This study is the first to apply TC to obtain a robust global-scale cross-assessment of SMAP, SMOS and ASCAT soil moisture retrieval accuracy in terms of anomaly temporal correlation. Our results confirm the overall advantage of SMAP (with a global average anomaly correlation of 0.76) over SMOS (0.66) and ASCAT (0.63) that has been established in several recent regional, ground-based studies. SMAP is also the best-performing product over the majority of applicable land pixels (52%), although SMOS and ASCAT each shows advantage in distinct geographic regions.
BibTeX:
@article{Chen2018,
  author = {Fan Chen and Wade T. Crow and Rajat Bindlish and Andreas Colliander and Mariko S. Burgin and Jun Asanuma and Kentaro Aida},
  title = {Global-scale evaluation of SMAP, SMOS and ASCAT soil moisture products using triple collocation},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {214},
  pages = {1--13},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.008}
}
Colliander A, Jackson T, Chan S, O'Neill P, Bindlish R, Cosh M, Caldwell T, Walker J, Berg A, McNairn H, Thibeault M, Mart\inez-Fernández J, Jensen K, Asanuma J, Seyfried M, Bosch D, Starks P, Collins CH, Prueger J, Su Z, Lopez-Baeza E and Yueh S (2018), "An assessment of the differences between spatial resolution and grid size for the SMAP enhanced soil moisture product over homogeneous sites", Remote Sensing of Environment., mar, 2018. Vol. 207, pp. 65-70. Elsevier BV.
Abstract: Satellite-based passive microwave remote sensing typically involves a scanning antenna that makes measurements at irregularly spaced locations. These locations can change on a day to day basis. Soil moisture products derived from satellite-based passive microwave remote sensing are usually resampled to a fixed Earth grid that facilitates their use in applications. In many cases the grid size is finer than the actual spatial resolution of the observation, and often this difference is not well understood by the user. Here, this issue was examined for the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) enhanced version of the passive-based soil moisture product, which has a grid size of 9-km and a nominal spatial resolution of 33-km. In situ observations from core validation sites were used to compute comparison metrics. For sites that satisfied the established reliability and scaling criteria, the impact of validating the 9-km grid product with in situ data collected over a 9-km versus a 33-km domain was very small for the sites studied (0.039 m3/m3 unbiased root mean square difference for the 9-km case versus 0.037 m3/m3 for the 33-km case). This result does not mean that the resolution of the product is 9-km but that for the conditions studied here the soil moisture estimated from in situ observations over 9-km is a close approximation of the soil moisture estimated from in situ observations over the 33-km resolution. The implication is that using the enhanced SMAP product at its grid resolution of 9-km should not introduce large errors in most applications.
BibTeX:
@article{Colliander2018,
  author = {A. Colliander and T.J. Jackson and S.K. Chan and P. O'Neill and R. Bindlish and M.H. Cosh and T. Caldwell and J.P. Walker and A. Berg and H. McNairn and M. Thibeault and J. Mart\inez-Fernández and K.H. Jensen and J. Asanuma and M.S. Seyfried and D.D. Bosch and P.J. Starks and C. Holifield Collins and J.H. Prueger and Z. Su and E. Lopez-Baeza and S.H. Yueh},
  title = {An assessment of the differences between spatial resolution and grid size for the SMAP enhanced soil moisture product over homogeneous sites},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {207},
  pages = {65--70},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.006}
}
Kolassa J, Reichle R, Liu Q, Alemohammad S, Gentine P, Aida K, Asanuma J, Bircher S, Caldwell T, Colliander A, Cosh M, Collins CH, Jackson T, Mart\inez-Fernández J, McNairn H, Pacheco A, Thibeault M and Walker J (2018), "Estimating surface soil moisture from SMAP observations using a Neural Network technique", Remote Sensing of Environment., November, 2018. Elsevier BV.
Abstract: A Neural Network (NN) algorithm was developed to estimate global surface soil moisture for April 2015 to March 2017 with a 2?3day repeat frequency using passive microwave observations from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, surface soil temperatures from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model version 5 (GEOS-5) land modeling system, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-based vegetation water content. The NN was trained on GEOS-5 soil moisture target data, making the NN estimates consistent with the GEOS-5 climatology, such that they may ultimately be assimilated into this model without further bias correction. Evaluated against in situ soil moisture measurements, the average unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE), correlation and anomaly correlation of the NN retrievals were 0.037m3m−3, 0.70 and 0.66, respectively, against SMAP core validation site measurements and 0.026m3m−3, 0.58 and 0.48, respectively, against International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) measurements. At the core validation sites, the NN retrievals have a significantly higher skill than the GEOS-5 model estimates and a slightly lower correlation skill than the SMAP Level-2 Passive (L2P) product. The feasibility of the NN method was reflected by a lower ubRMSE compared to the L2P retrievals as well as a higher skill when ancillary parameters in physically-based retrievals were uncertain. Against ISMN measurements, the skill of the two retrieval products was more comparable. A triple collocation analysis against Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) soil moisture retrievals showed that the NN and L2P retrieval errors have a similar spatial distribution, but the NN retrieval errors are generally lower in densely vegetated regions and transition zones.
BibTeX:
@article{kolassa17,
  author = {J. Kolassa and R.H. Reichle and Q. Liu and S.H. Alemohammad and P. Gentine and K. Aida and J. Asanuma and S. Bircher and T. Caldwell and A. Colliander and M. Cosh and C. Holifield Collins and T.J. Jackson and J. Mart\inez-Fernández and H. McNairn and A. Pacheco and M. Thibeault and J.P. Walker},
  title = {Estimating surface soil moisture from SMAP observations using a Neural Network technique},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2017.10.045},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.045}
}
Ma W, Asanuma J, Xu J and Onda Y (2018), "A database of water and heat observations over grassland in the north-east of Japan", Earth System Science Data. Vol. 10(4), pp. 2295-2309.
Abstract: A highly valuable database of long-term hydrometeorological measurements is presented, containing in situ observations for a period of 37 years from a well-maintained grassland in the north-east of Japan. The observations include shortwave radiation, net radiation, air and dew point temperatures at three elevations, soil temperature at four depths, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, wind speed, relative humidity, air pressure and precipitation. The heights of measurements are 1.6, 12.5 and 29.5 m above ground, with the soil-layer observations at depths of 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 m. This high-quality database includes four temporal resolutions of 10 s, 0.5 h, 1 h and 24 h, with the hourly data presented here. Monthly and annual statistics are presented at the database web page of the Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics and Prediction of the University of Tsukuba,
BibTeX:
@article{ma18,
  author = {Wenchao Ma, Jun Asanuma, Jianqing Xu, Yuichi Onda},
  title = {A database of water and heat observations over grassland in the north-east of Japan},
  journal = {Earth System Science Data},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2295--2309},
  doi = {10.5194/essd-10-2295-2018}
}
Matsushima D, Asanuma J and Kaihotsu I (2018), "Thermal Inertia Approach Using a Heat Budget Model to Estimate the Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Moisture over a Semiarid Grassland in Central Mongolia", Journal of Hydrometeorology., jan, 2018. Vol. 19(1), pp. 245-265. American Meteorological Society.
Abstract: Thermal inertia is a physical parameter that evaluates soil thermal properties with an emphasis on the stability of the temperature when the soil is affected by heating/cooling. Thermal inertia can be retrieved from a heat budget formulation as a parameter when the time series of Earth surface temperature and forcing variables, such as insolation and air temperature, are given. In this study, a two-layer, linearized heat budget model was employed for the retrieval of thermal inertia over a grassland in a semiarid region. Application of different formulations to the aerodynamic conductance with respect to atmospheric stability significantly improved the accuracy of the thermal inertia retrieval. The retrieved values of thermal inertia were well correlated with in situ surface soil moisture at multiple ground stations. The daily time series of thermal inertia–derived soil moisture qualitatively agreed well with in situ soil moisture after antecedent rainfalls, which was found after fitting the time series to an exponentially decaying function. On the contrary, AMSR2 soil moisture mostly did not agree with in situ soil moisture. The results of the estimation showed high accuracy: the root-mean-square error was 0.038 m3 m−3 compared to the in situ data and was applied to an area of 2° × 2° in which the in situ observation locations were included. The spatiotemporal distribution of surface soil moisture was mapped at a 0.03° × 0.03° spatial resolution in the study area as 10- or 11-day averages over a vegetation growth period of 2012.
BibTeX:
@article{matsushima18,
  author = {Dai Matsushima and Jun Asanuma and Ichirow Kaihotsu},
  title = {Thermal Inertia Approach Using a Heat Budget Model to Estimate the Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Moisture over a Semiarid Grassland in Central Mongolia},
  journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {245--265},
  doi = {10.1175/jhm-d-17-0040.1}
}
Colliander A, Jackson T, Bindlish R, Chan S, Das N, Kim S, Cosh M, Dunbar R, Dang L, Pashaian L, Asanuma J, Aida K, Berg A, Rowlandson T, Bosch D, Caldwell T, Caylor K, Goodrich D, al Jassar H, Lopez-Baeza E, Mart?nez-Fern?ndez J, Gonz?lez-Zamora A, Livingston S, McNairn H, Pacheco A, Moghaddam M, Montzka C, Notarnicola C, Niedrist G, Pellarin T, Prueger J, Pulliainen J, Rautiainen K, Ramos J, Seyfried M, Starks P, Su Z, Zeng Y, van der Velde R, Thibeault M, Dorigo W, Vreugdenhil M, Walker J, Wu X, Monerris A, O'Neill P, Entekhabi D, Njoku E and Yueh S (2017), "Validation of SMAP\ surface soil moisture products with core validation sites", Remote Sensing of Environment. Vol. 191, pp. 215 - 231.
Abstract: Abstract The NASA\ Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission
has utilized a set of core validation sites as the primary methodology
in assessing the soil moisture retrieval algorithm performance. Those
sites provide well-calibrated in situ soil moisture measurements
within SMAP\ product grid pixels for diverse conditions and locations.
The estimation of the average soil moisture within the SMAP\ product
grid pixels based on in situ measurements is more reliable when location
specific calibration of the sensors has been performed and there
is adequate replication over the spatial domain, with an up-scaling
function based on analysis using independent estimates of the soil
moisture distribution. SMAP\ fulfilled these requirements through
a collaborative Cal/Val Partner program. This paper presents the
results from 34 candidate core validation sites for the first eleven
months of the SMAP\ mission. As a result of the screening of the
sites prior to the availability of SMAP\ data, out of the 34 candidate
sites 18 sites fulfilled all the requirements at one of the resolution
scales (at least). The rest of the sites are used as secondary information
in algorithm evaluation. The results indicate that the SMAP\ radiometer-based
soil moisture data product meets its expected performance of 0.04
m3/m3 volumetric soil moisture (unbiased root mean square error);
the combined radar-radiometer product is close to its expected performance
of 0.04 m3/m3, and the radar-based product meets its target accuracy
of 0.06 m3/m3 (the lengths of the combined and radar-based products
are truncated to about 10 weeks because of the SMAP\ radar failure).
Upon completing the intensive Cal/Val phase of the mission the SMAP\
project will continue to enhance the products in the primary and
extended geographic domains, in co-operation with the Cal/Val Partners,
by continuing the comparisons over the existing core validation sites
and inclusion of candidate sites that can address shortcomings.
BibTeX:
@article{colliander17,
  author = {A. Colliander and T.J. Jackson and R. Bindlish and S. Chan and N. Das and S.B. Kim and M.H. Cosh and R.S. Dunbar and L. Dang and L. Pashaian and J. Asanuma and K. Aida and A. Berg and T. Rowlandson and D. Bosch and T. Caldwell and K. Caylor and D. Goodrich and H. al Jassar and E. Lopez-Baeza and J. Mart?nez-Fern?ndez and A. Gonz?lez-Zamora and S. Livingston and H. McNairn and A. Pacheco and M. Moghaddam and C. Montzka and C. Notarnicola and G. Niedrist and T. Pellarin and J. Prueger and J. Pulliainen and K. Rautiainen and J. Ramos and M. Seyfried and P. Starks and Z. Su and Y. Zeng and R. van der Velde and M. Thibeault and W. Dorigo and M. Vreugdenhil and J.P. Walker and X. Wu and A. Monerris and P.E. O'Neill and D. Entekhabi and E.G. Njoku and S. Yueh},
  title = {Validation of SMAP\ surface soil moisture products with core validation sites},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {191},
  pages = {215 - 231},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425717300329},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.021}
}
Takagi K, Hirata R, Ide R, Ueyama M, Ichii K, Saigusa N, Hirano T, Asanuma J, Li S-G, Machimura T, Nakai Y, Ohta T and Takahashi Y (2015), "Spatial and seasonal variations of CO2 flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia", Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Vol. 61(1), pp. 61-75.
BibTeX:
@article{takagi15,
  author = {Takagi, Kentaro and Hirata, Ryuichi and Ide, Reiko and Ueyama, Masahito and Ichii, Kazuhito and Saigusa, Nobuko and Hirano, Takashi and Asanuma, Jun and Li, Sheng-Gong and Machimura, Takashi and Nakai, Yuichiro and Ohta, Takeshi and Takahashi, Yoshiyuki},
  title = {Spatial and seasonal variations of CO2 flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia},
  journal = {Soil Science and Plant Nutrition},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {61-75},
  url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2014.990349 
}, doi = {10.1080/00380768.2014.990349} }
Xia J, Liang S, Chen J, Yuan W, Liu S, Li L, Cai W, Zhang L, Fu Y, Zhao T and others (2014), "Satellite-Based Analysis of Evapotranspiration and Water Balance in the Grassland Ecosystems of Dryland East Asia", PloS one. Vol. 9(5), pp. e97295. Public Library of Science.
BibTeX:
@article{xia14,
  author = {Xia, Jiangzhou and Liang, Shunlin and Chen, Jiquan and Yuan, Wenping and Liu, Shuguang and Li, Linghao and Cai, Wenwen and Zhang, Li and Fu, Yang and Zhao, Tianbao and others},
  title = {Satellite-Based Analysis of Evapotranspiration and Water Balance in the Grassland Ecosystems of Dryland East Asia},
  journal = {PloS one},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e97295}
}
Ichii K, Kondo M, Lee Y-H, Wang S-Q, Kim J, Ueyama M, Lim H-J, Shi H, Suzuki T, Ito A, Kwon H, Ju W, Huang M, Sasai T, Asanuma J, Han S, Hirano T, Hirata R, Kato T, Li S-G, Li Y-N, Maeda T, Miyata A, Matsuura Y, Murayama S, Nakai Y, Ohta T, Saitoh T, Saigusa N, Takagi K, Tang Y-H, Wang H-M, Yu G-R, Zhang Y-P and Zhao F-H (2013), "Site-level model-data synthesis of terrestrial carbon fluxes in the CarboEastAsia eddy-covariance observation network: toward future modeling efforts", Journal of Forest Research. Vol. 18(1), pp. 1-8. Springer Japan.
Abstract: Based on the model–data comparison at the eddy-covariance observation sites from CarboEastAsia datasets, we report the current status of the terrestrial carbon cycle modeling in monsoon Asia. In order to assess the modeling performance and discuss future requirements for both modeling and observation efforts in Asia, we ran eight terrestrial biosphere models at 24 sites from 1901 to 2010. By analyzing the modeled carbon fluxes against the CarboEastAsia datasets, the strengths and weaknesses of terrestrial biosphere modeling over Asia were evaluated. In terms of pattern and magnitude, the carbon fluxes (i.e., gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange) at the temperate and boreal forest sites were simulated best, whereas the simulation results from the tropical forest, cropland, and disturbed sites were poor. The multi-model ensemble mean values showed lower root mean square errors and higher correlations, suggesting that composition of multiple terrestrial biosphere models would be preferable for terrestrial carbon budget assessments in Asia. These results indicate that the current model-based estimation of terrestrial carbon budget has large uncertainties, and future research should further refine the models to permit re-evaluation of the terrestrial carbon budget.
BibTeX:
@article{ichii13,
  author = {Ichii, Kazuhito and Kondo, Masayuki and Lee, Young-Hee and Wang, Shao-Qiang and Kim, Joon and Ueyama, Masahito and Lim, Hee-Jeong and Shi, Hao and Suzuki, Takashi and Ito, Akihiko and Kwon, Hyojung and Ju, Weimin and Huang, Mei and Sasai, Takahiro and Asanuma, Jun and Han, Shijie and Hirano, Takashi and Hirata, Ryuichi and Kato, Tomomichi and Li, Sheng-Gong and Li, Ying-Nian and Maeda, Takahisa and Miyata, Akira and Matsuura, Yojiro and Murayama, Shohei and Nakai, Yuichiro and Ohta, Takeshi and Saitoh, TakuM. and Saigusa, Nobuko and Takagi, Kentaro and Tang, Yan-Hong and Wang, Hui-Min and Yu, Gui-Rui and Zhang, Yi-Ping and Zhao, Feng-Hua},
  title = {Site-level model-data synthesis of terrestrial carbon fluxes in the CarboEastAsia eddy-covariance observation network: toward future modeling efforts},
  journal = {Journal of Forest Research},
  publisher = {Springer Japan},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-8},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-012-0367-9},
  doi = {10.1007/s10310-012-0367-9}
}
Saigusa N, Li S-G, Kwon H, Takagi K, Zhang L-M, Ide R, Ueyama M, Asanuma J, Choi Y-J, Chun JH and others (2013), "Dataset of CarboEastAsia and uncertainties in the CO2 budget evaluation caused by different data processing", Journal of Forest Research. Vol. 18(1), pp. 41-48. Springer.
BibTeX:
@article{saigusa13,
  author = {Saigusa, Nobuko and Li, Sheng-Gong and Kwon, Hyojung and Takagi, Kentaro and Zhang, Lei-Ming and Ide, Reiko and Ueyama, Masahito and Asanuma, Jun and Choi, Young-Jean and Chun, Jung Hwa and others},
  title = {Dataset of CarboEastAsia and uncertainties in the CO2 budget evaluation caused by different data processing},
  journal = {Journal of Forest Research},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--48}
}
Khatun R, Ohta T, Kotani A, Asanuma J, Gamo M, Han S, Hirano T, Nakai Y, Saigusa N, Takagi K, Wang H and Yoshifuji N (2011), "Spatial variations in evapotranspiration over East Asian forest sites. I. Evapotranspiration and decoupling coefficient.", Hydrological Research Letters. Vol. 5, pp. 83-87.
BibTeX:
@article{khatun11a,
  author = {Khatun, R and Ohta, T and Kotani, A and Asanuma, J and Gamo, M and Han, S and Hirano, T and Nakai, Y and Saigusa, N and Takagi, K and Wang, H and Yoshifuji, N},
  title = {Spatial variations in evapotranspiration over East Asian forest sites. I. Evapotranspiration and decoupling coefficient.},
  journal = {Hydrological Research Letters},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {83-87},
  doi = {10.3178/HRL5.83}
}
Khatun R, Ohta T, Kotani A, Asanuma J, Gamo M, Han S, Hirano T, Nakai Y, Saigusa N, Takagi K, Wang H and Yoshifuji N (2011), "Spatial variations in evapotranspiration over East Asian forest sites. II. Surface conductance and aerodynamic conductance", Hydrological Research Letters. Vol. 5, pp. 88-92..
BibTeX:
@article{khatun11b,
  author = {Khatun, R and Ohta, T and Kotani, A and Asanuma, J and Gamo, M and Han, S and Hirano, T and Nakai, Y and Saigusa, N and Takagi, K and Wang, H and Yoshifuji, N},
  title = {Spatial variations in evapotranspiration over East Asian forest sites. II. Surface conductance and aerodynamic conductance},
  journal = {Hydrological Research Letters},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {88-92.},
  doi = {10.3178/HRL5.88}
}
Suzuki R, Kobayashi H, Delbart N, Asanuma J and Hiyama T (2011), "NDVI responses to the forest canopy and floor from spring to summer observed by airborne spectrometer in eastern Siberia", Remote Sensing of Environment. Vol. 115(12), pp. 3615 - 3624.
Abstract: A popular method of satellite-based monitoring of the photosynthetic
potential of vegetation is to calculate the normalised difference
vegetation index (NDVI) from measurements of the red (RED) and near-infrared
(NIR) bands. Enormous amounts of vegetation information have been
obtained over continental to global areas based on NDVI derived from
NOAA-AVHRR, Terra/Aqua-MODIS, and SPOT-VEGETATION satellite observations.
In eastern Siberia, where sparse boreal forests are dominant, the
lack of landscape-scale canopy-reflectance observations impedes interpretation
of how NDVI seasonality is controlled by the forest canopy and floor
status. We discuss the NDVI of the canopy and floor separately based
on airborne spectral reflectance measurements and simultaneous airborne
land surface images acquired around Yakutsk, Siberia, using a hedgehopping
aircraft from spring to summer 2000. The aerial land surface images
(4402 scenes) were visually classified into four types according
to the forest condition: no-green canopy and snow floor (Type 1),
green canopy and snow floor (Type 2), no-green canopy and no-snow
floor (Type 3), and green canopy and no-snow floor (Type 4). The
spectral reflectance from 350 to 1200 nm was then calculated for
these four types. Type 1 had almost no difference in reflectance
between the RED and NIR bands, and the resultant NDVI was slightly
negative (− 0.03). Although Type 2 showed a significant difference
between the two bands because of canopy greenness, the resultant
NDVI was rather low (0.17) because of high reflection from the snow
cover on the floor. In Type 3, the significant difference between
the two bands was mainly caused by the greenness of the floor, and
the NDVI was relatively high (0.45). The NDVI for Type 4 was the
highest (0.75) among the four types. The contributions of reflectance
from the forest canopy and floor to the total reflectance were tested
with a forest radiative transfer model. The reflectance difference
between NIR and RED bands (NIR − RED) of Type 4 (15.6%) was approximately
double the differences of Type 2 (7.0%) and of Type 3 (7.9%), suggesting
half-and-half contributions of forest canopy greenness and floor
greenness to the total greenness. The result also suggested that
the satellite-derived NDVI in the larch forest around Yakutsk reaches
85% of the maximum NDVI owing to the forest floor greenness, and
only the other 15% of the increase in NDVI should be attributed to
the canopy foliation. These results quantitatively reveal that the
NDVI depends considerably on forest floor greenness and snow cover
in addition to canopy greenness in the case of relatively sparse
forest in Siberia.
BibTeX:
@article{suzuki11,
  author = {Rikie Suzuki and Hideki Kobayashi and Nicolas Delbart and Jun Asanuma and Tetsuya Hiyama},
  title = {NDVI responses to the forest canopy and floor from spring to summer observed by airborne spectrometer in eastern Siberia},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {115},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3615 - 3624},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425711003269},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.022}
}
Urano T, Hirota M, ISHGALDAN B, Sheng-Gong LI, Asanuma J, Mariko S, Sugita M and Oikawa T (2011), "Effects of exclosure on aboveground biomass, vegetation constitution, and midday gross primary productivity in semi-arid Mongolian steppe", Journal of Agricultural Meteorology.
BibTeX:
@article{urano11,
  author = {Tadaaki Urano and Mitsuru Hirota and Byambakhuu ISHGALDAN and Sheng-Gong LI and Jun Asanuma and Shigeru Mariko and Michiaki Sugita and Takehisa Oikawa},
  title = {Effects of exclosure on aboveground biomass, vegetation constitution, and midday gross primary productivity in semi-arid Mongolian steppe},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural Meteorology},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.2480/agrmet.66.4.5}
}
Liu S, Li SG, Yu GR, Asanuma J, Sugita M, Zhang LM, Hu ZM and Wei YF (2010), "Seasonal and interannual variations in water vapor exchange and surface water balance over a grazed steppe in central Mongolia", Agricultural Water Management., jun, 2010. Vol. 97(6), pp. 857-864.
Abstract: This study explored the seasonal and interannual variation in water
vapor exchange and surface water balance over a grazed steppe in
central Mongolia through analysis of 4 years (2003-2006) of flux
data obtained via the eddy covariance method. Annual precipitation
(PPT) in 2003 measured 239 mm which is 32% above the 10-year (1983-2002)
average of 181 mm. By contrast, PPT for the other 3 years of the
study fell below the 10-year average, measuring 159 mm in 2004, 110
mm in 2005, and 119 mm in 2006. The annual evapotranspiration (ET)
for each of the study years measured 156, 160, 153, and 101 mm, respectively,
and the peak value of ET during the growing season varied from 2.2
to 3.2 mm d(-1). At the study site, the ratio of ET to the equilibrium
ET (ETeq) was usually lower than 0.5 during the growing season, which
reflects the significant effect of water shortage on ET. The large
seasonal variation in canopy surface conductance (g(s)), caused by
variation in soil water content (SWC) and vapor pressure deficit
(VPD), was the major factor affecting ET. The annual ET/PPT was 0.65
in 2003, 1.01 in 2004, 1.39 in 2005, and 0.85 in 2006. The stored
soil water (especially at a depth of 0-30 cm) resulting from autumnal
precipitation of the previous year remained frozen for about 5 months,
from winter through early spring. This stored water had a considerable
effect on plant growth during the following spring. For the central
Mongolian steppe, there was a high correlation between the mean normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) and total precipitation during
the growing season (May-September) as well as during the preceding
9 months (August-April). This correlation reflects the important
contribution of precipitation input and stored soil water during
the previous year to ET. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{liu10,
  author = {Liu, S. and Li, S. G. and Yu, G. R. and Jun Asanuma and Sugita, M. and Zhang, L. M. and Hu, Z. M. and Wei, Y. F.},
  title = {Seasonal and interannual variations in water vapor exchange and surface water balance over a grazed steppe in central Mongolia},
  journal = {Agricultural Water Management},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {97},
  number = {6},
  pages = {857-864},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3X-4YC39PS-1&_user=128923&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000010078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=128923&md5=6fdc0e5b004cff8b36db5a498209d467},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.016}
}
Saigusa N, Ichii K, Murakami H, Hirata R, Asanuma J, Den H, Han SJ, Ide R, Li SG, Ohta T, Sasai T, Wang SQ and Yu GR (2010), "Impact of meteorological anomalies in the 2003 summer on Gross Primary Productivity in East Asia", Biogeosciences. Vol. 7(2), pp. 641-655.
Abstract: Northern Eurasia experienced anomalous weather conditions in the
2003 summer. We examined how forest ecosystems responded to the meteorological
anomalies during the period using the dataset collected at flux monitoring
sites in Asia, including a boreal forest in Mongolia, temperate forests
in China and Japan, and a sub-tropical forest in China, as well as
the dataset from satellite remote sensing. From July to August 2003,
an active rain band stayed in the mid-latitude in East Asia for an
unusually long period. Under the influence of the rain band, the
Gross Primary Production (GPP), of temperate forests was 20-30br> lower in the 2003 summer than in other years due to significant reduction
in the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD). The GPP of a cool-temperate
forest in the north of the rain band was slightly enhanced by the
higher PPFD; however, the GPP of a sub-tropical forest located in
the south of the rain band was reduced by drought stress due to extremely
hot and dry conditions. The correlation coefficients for the year-to-year
changes in the PPFD and GPP during mid-summer were calculated, and
the spatial distribution was examined. The spatial pattern of the
PPFD was calculated by satellite data, and that of the GPP was estimated
by a regression-type model, which was trained and tested by ground
observation data. The correlation was positive in the mid- and high-latitudes
since light was an essential factor of the summer GPP. On the other
hand, a negative correlation appeared in the lower latitudes, suggesting
that the water limitation was much more important than the PPFD in
the region. Our study illustrated that the integration of flux data
from wide areas by combining satellite remote sensing data can help
us gain an understanding of the ecosystem responses to large-scale
meteorological phenomena.
BibTeX:
@article{saigusa10,
  author = {Saigusa, N. and Ichii, K. and Murakami, H. and Hirata, R. and Jun Asanuma and Den, H. and Han, S. -J. and Ide, R. and Li, S. -G. and Ohta, T. and Sasai, T. and Wang, S. -Q. and Yu, G. -R.},
  title = {Impact of meteorological anomalies in the 2003 summer on Gross Primary Productivity in East Asia},
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {641-655},
  url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/641/2010/},
  doi = {10.5194/bg-7-641-2010}
}
Ueyama M, Ichii K, Hirata R, Takagi K, Asanuma J, Machimura T, Nakai Y, Ohta T, Saigusa N, Takahashi Y and Hirano T (2010), "Simulating carbon and water cycles of larch forests in East Asia by the BIOME-BGC model with AsiaFlux data", Biogeosciences. Vol. 7(3), pp. 959-977.
Abstract: Larch forests are widely distributed across many cool-temperate and
boreal regions, and they are expected to play an important role in
global carbon and water cycles. Model parameterizations for larch
forests still contain large uncertainties owing to a lack of validation.
In this study, a process-based terrestrial biosphere model, BIOME-BGC,
was tested for larch forests at six AsiaFlux sites and used to identify
important environmental factors that affect the carbon and water
cycles at both temporal and spatial scales. The model simulation
performed with the default deciduous conifer parameters produced
results that had large differences from the observed net ecosystem
exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration
(RE), and evapotranspiration (ET). Therefore, we adjusted several
model parameters in order to reproduce the observed rates of carbon
and water cycle processes. This model calibration, performed using
the AsiaFlux data, substantially improved the model performance.
The simulated annual GPP, RE, NEE, and ET from the calibrated model
were highly consistent with observed values. The observed and simulated
GPP and RE across the six sites were positively correlated with the
annual mean air temperature and annual total precipitation. On the
other hand, the simulated carbon budget was partly explained by the
stand disturbance history in addition to the climate. The sensitivity
study indicated that spring warming enhanced the carbon sink, whereas
summer warming decreased it across the larch forests. The summer
radiation was the most important factor that controlled the carbon
fluxes in the temperate site, but the VPD and water conditions were
the limiting factors in the boreal sites. One model parameter, the
allocation ratio of carbon between belowground and aboveground, was
site-specific, and it was negatively correlated with the annual climate
of annual mean air temperature and total precipitation. Although
this study substantially improved the model performance, the uncertainties
that remained in terms of the sensitivity to water conditions should
be examined in ongoing and long-term observations.
BibTeX:
@article{ueyama10,
  author = {Ueyama, M. and Ichii, K. and Hirata, R. and Takagi, K. and Jun Asanuma and Machimura, T. and Nakai, Y. and Ohta, T. and Saigusa, N. and Takahashi, Y. and Hirano, T.},
  title = {Simulating carbon and water cycles of larch forests in East Asia by the BIOME-BGC model with AsiaFlux data},
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {959-977},
  url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/959/2010/},
  doi = {10.5194/bg-7-959-2010}
}
Zhang F, Weimin JU, Jingming CHEN, Shaoqiang WANG, Guirui YU, Yingnian LI, Shijie HAN and Asanuma J (2010), "Study on Evapotranspiration in East Asia Using the BEPS Ecological Model", Journal of Natural Resources. Vol. 25(9), pp. 1596-1606.
Abstract: East Asia is one of the most complicated and disputed areas of carbon
and water cycles due to the integrated effect of variable climate
and intense human disturbances. Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important
component of the carbon-water cycle; however, regional studies of
ET in East Asia are still few. This study is to analyze the spatio-temporal
distributions of ET in East Asia during 1982 to 2006 using the process-based
ecological model BEPS, which was driven by meteorological, soil and
remote sensing data at an 8-km resolution. Prior to the regional
simulation, BEPS was validated using measured ET in six typical forest
ecosystems. BEPS can explain 81.23% of the annual ET and 86.4% of
the 10-day ET variations, respectively, indicating that BEPS can
accurately simulate ET in East Asia. Simulated annual ET in East
Asia shows a gradually decreasing pattern from the southeast and
northeast regions to the northwest and southwest desert areas, with
the smallest values in the northwestern desert region of China. It
also shows that the ratio of ET and precipitation was increasing
from the southeast and northeast regions with an average of 0.4 to
the northwest and southwest desert region with the values greater
than 1.0. The annual total ET in East Asia averaged from 1982 to
2006 was 12045 ×109 m3/a, and China, Pan Southeast Asia and India
accounted for 62.4% of the annual total ET. Mean ET per unit area
of the study area was 401 mm/a, with the largest values in Pan Southeast
Asia (1100 mm/a), and the smallest values in Mongolia (134 mm/a).
Relative to the different land cover types, the maximum of the total
and mean ET values were the evergreen broad-leaved forests, while
the minimum values were both in urban and built-up areas. The whole
East Asia region showed a significant increasing trend in ET. Grasslands,
savannas, bare land and urban land marked a noticeable increasing
trend of ET, yet other vegetation types did not change significantly.
BibTeX:
@article{zhang10,
  author = {Zhang, Fangmin and JU, Weimin and CHEN, Jingming and WANG, Shaoqiang and YU, Guirui and LI, Yingnian and HAN, Shijie and Jun Asanuma},
  title = {Study on Evapotranspiration in East Asia Using the BEPS Ecological Model},
  journal = {Journal of Natural Resources},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {25},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1596-1606},
  url = {http://www.jnr.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract559.shtml}
}
Iwata H, Asanuma J, Ohtani Y, Mizoguchi Y and Yasuda Y (2009), "Vertical Length Scale of Transporting Eddies for Sensible Heat in the Unstable Roughness Sublayer Over a Forest Canopy", J. Agri. Meteo.. Vol. 65(1), pp. 1-9.
BibTeX:
@article{iwata09,
  author = {Iwata, H. and Jun Asanuma and Ohtani, Y. and Mizoguchi, Y. and Yasuda, Y.},
  title = {Vertical Length Scale of Transporting Eddies for Sensible Heat in the Unstable Roughness Sublayer Over a Forest Canopy},
  journal = {J. Agri. Meteo.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {65},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  url = {http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/agrmet/65/1/651/article/-char/ja/},
  doi = {10.2480/agrmet.65.1.1}
}
Liu S, Yu G, Asanuma J, Sugita M, Zhang L, Zhao F, Hu Z and Li S (2009), "The thawing-freezing processes and soil moisture distribution of the steppe in Central Mongolian Plateau", Acta Pedologica Sinica. Vol. 46(1), pp. 46-51.
Abstract: The dynamics of soil moisture distribution and thawing-freezing process
of Stipa steppe in central Mongolia during the seasonal transition
period (2003-04) were analysed with the measurement of temperature
and moisture in the soil profile combined with the meteorological
data. The results showed that there is a completely frozen period
approximately 154-160 days in the soil profile of 0-150 cm. The diurnal
freeze/thaw cycle mainly takes place at the ground surface of 0-5
cm. The soil moisture in 0-30 cm layer changes intensively in the
thawing-freezing processes, as well as the soil temperature. In general,
the soil water content at 10 cm depth is always higher than those
of other depths. The seasonal variation of soil moisture weakened
gradually with the increasing soil depth. The frozen soil stagnates
water, which promotes the regreening of grass in spring.
BibTeX:
@article{liu09,
  author = {Liu, Shuai and Yu, Guirui and Asanuma, J. and Sugita, M. and Zhang, LeiMing and Zhao, Fenghua and Hu, ZhongMin and Li, ShengGong},
  title = {The thawing-freezing processes and soil moisture distribution of the steppe in Central Mongolian Plateau},
  journal = {Acta Pedologica Sinica},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {46},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46-51},
  url = {http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093193562.html?freeview=true}
}
Hirata R, Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Ohtani Y, Ide R, Asanuma J, Gamo M, Hirano T, Kondo H, Kosugi Y, Li S-G, Nakai Y, Takagi K, Tani M and Wang H (2008), "Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia", Agri. and Forest Meteo.. Vol. 148, pp. 761-775.
BibTeX:
@article{hirata08,
  author = {Hirata, Ryuichi and Saigusa, Nobuko and Yamamoto, Susumu and Ohtani, Yoshikazu and Ide, Reiko and Jun Asanuma and Gamo, Minoru and Hirano, Takashi and Kondo, Hiroaki and Kosugi, Yoshiko and Li, Sheng-Gong and Nakai, Yuichiro and Takagi, Kentaro and Tani, Makoto and Wang, Huimin},
  title = {Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia},
  journal = {Agri. and Forest Meteo.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {148},
  pages = {761--775},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4RW4RSB-1/2/d1d7f09887b34ce6d06d1139f68367da},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.016}
}
Li S-G, Eugster W, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D and Sugita M (2008), "Response of gross ecosystem productivity, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency of Mongolian steppe to seasonal variations in soil moisture", J. Geophys. Res. -Biogeo.. Vol. 113
Abstract: The examination of vegetation productivity and use of light and water
resources is important for understanding the carbon and water cycles
in semiarid and arid environments. We made continuous measurements
of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes over an arid steppe ecosystem
in Mongolia by using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. These measurements
allow an examination of EC-estimated gross ecosystem productivity
(GEP), light use efficiency (LUE), and water use efficiency (WUE)
of the steppe. Daily variations of GEP, LUE, and WUE were associated
with daily variations of incident photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR), ambient temperature (T a ), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD).
The magnitudes of these variations were also dependent on canopy
development. On the daily basis, GEP linearly correlated with evapotranspiration
rate and PAR. LUE correlated positively with leaf area index, T a
, and soil moisture availability but negatively with the surface
reflectivity for short-wave solar radiation. Throughout the growing
season, both GEP and LUE responded strongly to precipitation-fed
soil moisture in the top 20 cm of the soil. An examination of the
responses of LUE and WUE to PAR under different soil moisture conditions
shows that when soil water availability exceeded VPD, the steppe
was most efficient in light use, whereas it was less efficient in
water use. The multivariate analysis of variance also suggests that
soil moisture availability, especially water status in the upper
20-cm soil layer with dense distribution of grass roots, is the most
significant factor that governs GEP, WUE, and LUE. This study provides
a preliminary assessment of the use of available water and light
by the Mongolian arid steppe ecosystems under seasonally varying
soil moisture conditions. A better understanding of these functional
responses is required to predict how climate change may affect arid
steppe ecosystems.
BibTeX:
@article{li08a,
  author = {Li, S.-G. and W. Eugster and Jun Asanuma and A. Kotani and G. Davaa and D. Oyunbaatar and M. Sugita},
  title = {Response of gross ecosystem productivity, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency of Mongolian steppe to seasonal variations in soil moisture},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res. -Biogeo.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2006JG000349.shtml},
  doi = {10.1029/2006JG000349}
}
Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Hirata R, Ohtani Y, Ide R, Asanuma J, Gamo M, Hirano T, Kondo H, Kosugi Y, Li S-G, Nakai Y, Takagi K, Tani M and Wang H (2008), "Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO_2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia", Agri. and Forest Meteo.. Vol. 148, pp. 700-713.
BibTeX:
@article{saigusa08,
  author = {Saigusa, Nobuko and Yamamoto, Susumu and Hirata, Ryuichi and Ohtani, Yoshikazu and Ide, Reiko and Jun Asanuma and Gamo, Minoru and Hirano, Takashi and Kondo, Hiroaki and Kosugi, Yoshiko and Li, Sheng-Gong and Nakai, Yuichiro and Takagi, Kentaro and Tani, Makoto and Wang, Huimin},
  title = {Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO_2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia},
  journal = {Agri. and Forest Meteo.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {148},
  pages = {700--713},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4RW4RSB-2/2/86bce185a86ae1ed327104d3c622920b},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.12.006}
}
Saito M and Asanuma J (2008), "Eddy Covariance Calculation Revisited with Wavelet Cospectra", SOLA. Vol. 4, pp. 49-52.
Abstract: In this paper, the calculation of eddy covariance flux is reevaluated
with newly-emerged capability of the wavelet transform. It is demonstrated
that the wavelet transform clearly revealed the cospectral gap that
separates turbulent and mesoscale motions with the data collected
over a rice and a larch forest. It is also shown that the computed
eddy covariance flux is insensitive to the method of decomposition
of the turbulent fluctuation from the mean when averaging time is
set at around the cospectral gap location. Therefore, information
on the gap location removes the ambiguity in the calculation of eddy
covariance flux.
BibTeX:
@article{saito08,
  author = {Saito, Makoto and Jun Asanuma},
  title = {Eddy Covariance Calculation Revisited with Wavelet Cospectra},
  journal = {SOLA},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {49-52},
  url = {http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sola/4/0/449/article/-char/ja/},
  doi = {10.2151/sola.2008-013}
}
Li S-G, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G and Oyunbaatar D (2007), "Evapotranspiration from a Mongolian steppe under grazing and its environmental constraints", J. Hydro.. Vol. 333, pp. 133-143.
Abstract: SummaryThe magnitude and seasonal dynamics of evapotranspiration (ET)
for a steppe in central Mongolia was estimated over a full year period
(from 25 March 2003 to 24 March 2004, 366 days) using the eddy covariance
(EC) technique. The steppe, typical of central Mongolia, is dominated
by temperate C3 plants and experiences moderate grazing. The environmental
constrains over ET for the steppe were evaluated by examining the
responses of ET to biotic (leaf area index) and abiotic (atmospheric
evaporative demand and soil moisture condition) factors. Seasonal
variations in ET followed closely the variation in leaf area index.
Change in soil moisture was the most important environmental factor
controlling the dynamics of ET in this grassland ecosystem, indicated
by the strong susceptibility of ET and the Priestley-Taylor parameter
([alpha], calculated as the ratio of the measured ET to the equilibrium
ET) to soil water content. The [alpha] also showed a distinct seasonal
variability, but its value on average was lower than 0.5 during most
of the measurement period, suggesting that the steppe was limited
in water supply. The maximum daily ET rate was 2.8 mm d-1. Cumulative
ET during the study period estimated directly by the EC method was
163 mm, which was 66% of the precipitation received at the site
during the same time period (248 mm).
BibTeX:
@article{li07,
  author = {Li, Sheng-Gong  and Jun Asanuma and Kotani, Ayumi and Davaa, Gombo and Oyunbaatar, Dambaravjaa},
  title = {Evapotranspiration from a Mongolian steppe under grazing and its environmental constraints},
  journal = {J. Hydro.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {333},
  pages = {133--143},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-4M57HH1-1/2/7cff26fc607fb80b88d184ba74ee5daf}
}
Mariko S, Urano T and Asanuma J (2007), "Effects of irrigation on CO_2 and CH_4 fluxes from Mongolian steppe soil", J. Hydro.. Vol. 333, pp. 118-123.
Abstract: Semi-arid temperate steppes comprise approximately 30% of the world's
temperate grassland, and consequently, are a significant component
of the global carbon cycle. To better understand how precipitation
affects soil carbon fluxes in semi-arid steppes, we examined the
effects of irrigation (simulated rainfall) on CO2 and CH4 fluxes
from Mongolian semi-arid steppe soil on 10-12 August 2002 and 19-22
August 2003. Meteorological data revealed that the soil was dry in
2002 and wet in 2003. Summer flux measurements in both years showed
that the soil emitted CO2 at 75-250 mg m-2 h-1 and consumed atmospheric
CH4 at 30-90 [mu]g m-2 h-1. In 2002, the CO2 flux of the irrigated
soil showed an increase of 50% over one day following irrigation
compared to the non-irrigated soil, and thereafter, no increase.
This enhancing effect of irrigation was found only immediately following
irrigation in 2003. Soil CH4 fluxes showed little difference between
the irrigated and non-irrigated soils in 2002 and 2003. There was
also little difference in soil temperatures (at the surface and 5
cm depth) between the soils in 2002 and 2003. The water content of
the irrigated soil increased following irrigation then rapidly decreased
with time. These results demonstrate that rainfall events enhance
carbon loss from semi-arid steppe soil at least within the day following
irrigation. However, long-term meteorological observations of precipitation
and soil water content in 2003 and 2004 suggest that usual rainfall
pulses throughout the growing season (June-September) do not markedly
enhance CO2 emission from such soils.
BibTeX:
@article{mariko07,
  author = {Mariko, Shigeru and Urano, Tadaaki and Jun Asanuma},
  title = {Effects of irrigation on CO_2 and CH_4 fluxes from Mongolian steppe soil},
  journal = {J. Hydro.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {333},
  pages = {118--123},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-4M7KFF7-2/2/bfd222f56ae15dab08ed605a9b29ddb4}
}
Sugita M, Asanuma J, Tsujimura M, Mariko S, Lu M, Kimura F, Azzaya D and Adyasuren T (2007), "An overview of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE)", J. Hydro.. Vol. 333, pp. 3-20.
Abstract: SummaryIntensive observations, analysis and modeling within the framework
of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study
experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE) project, have allowed investigations
into the hydrologic cycle in the ecotone of forest-steppe, and its
relation to atmosphere and ecosystem in the eastern part of Mongolia.
In this region, changes in the climate have been reported and a market
oriented economy was introduced recently, but their impact on the
natural environment is still not well understood. In this RAISE special
issue, the outcome is presented of the studies carried out by six
groups within RAISE, namely: (1) Land-atmosphere interaction analysis,
(2) ecosystem analysis and modeling, (3) hydrologic cycle analysis,
(4) climatic modeling, (5) hydrologic modeling, and (6) integration.
The results are organized in five relevant categories comprising
(i) hydrologic cycle including precipitation, groundwater, and surface
water, (ii) hydrologic cycle and ecosystem, (iii) surface-atmosphere
interaction, (iv) effect of grazing activities on soils, plant ecosystem
and surface fluxes, and (v) future prediction. Comparison with studies
on rangelands in other parts of the world, and some future directions
of studies still needed in this region are also summarized.
BibTeX:
@article{raise07,
  author = {M. Sugita  and  Jun Asanuma and Tsujimura, Maki and Mariko, Shigeru and Lu, Minjiao and Kimura, Fujio and Azzaya, Dolgorsuren and Adyasuren, Tsokhio},
  title = {An overview of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE)},
  journal = {J. Hydro.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {333},
  pages = {3--20},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-4MH8HW6-1/2/4f77b61b40f29492015fbe20cff7a850}
}
Saito M, Asanuma J and Miyata A (2007), "Dual-scale Transport of Sensible Heat and Water Vapor over a Short Canopy Under Unstable Conditions", Water Resources Res.. Vol. 43
Abstract: This study examines the nature of vertical transport of sensible heat
and water vapor density due to mesoscale motions and how they are
observed with surface eddy covariance systems. For this purpose,
turbulence data measured above a flat and irrigated rice paddy field
under unstable conditions were analyzed. It was shown that the larger-scale
component in the measured time series represents mesoscale motions.
Wavelet cospectra of the scalar fluxes revealed the presence of vertical
transport at horizontal scales larger than the cospectral gap. A
time series and the eddy covariance flux were decomposed into a turbulence
and a mesoscale component using the identified cospectral gap. The
mesoscale transport component of sensible heat and water vapor were
found to be related to the wind direction and therefore characteristic
of the upwind surface conditions at this scale. In contrast, the
turbulence flux component exhibits universal attributes resulting
from the local surface characteristics.
BibTeX:
@article{saito07,
  author = {Saito, M. and Jun Asanuma and Miyata, A.},
  title = {Dual-scale Transport of Sensible Heat and Water Vapor over a Short Canopy Under Unstable Conditions},
  journal = {Water Resources Res.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {43},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006WR005136.shtml},
  doi = {10.1029/2006WR005136}
}
Asanuma J and Iemoto K (2007), "Measurements of regional sensible heat flux over Mongolian grassland using large aperture scintillometer", J. Hydro.. Vol. 333, pp. 58-67.
Abstract: SummaryThis paper reports the scintillometry of regional sensible
heat flux over a semi-arid grassland in Mongolia. The structure parameter
of refractive index measured by the scintillometer was used to compute
regional sensible heat flux using the Monin-Obukhov similarity. A
comparison with the eddy covariance measurements showed that they
are comparable with each other. Detailed analyses suggest that difference
between the sensible heat flux measured over different optical paths
stems from the surface variability. Results of this study demonstrate
the capability of scintillometry to infer regional distribution of
the surface sensible heat flux at the scale of kilometers over non-uniform
surfaces.
BibTeX:
@article{scin07,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and Iemoto, K.},
  title = {Measurements of regional sensible heat flux over Mongolian grassland using large aperture scintillometer},
  journal = {J. Hydro.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {333},
  pages = {58--67},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-4M7CDWF-1/2/a4dc476d5465cb53795488c880f24ccf}
}
Asanuma J, Tamagawa I, Ishikawa H, Ma Y, Hayashi T, Qi Y and Wang J (2007), "Spectral Similarity Between Scalars at very low Frequencies in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer over the Tibetan Plateau", Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Vol. 122(1), pp. 85-103.
Abstract: Similarity between temperature and water vapour was investigated in
the Fourier domain by using their coherency spectra, defined as the
correlation coefficient between their Fourier modes, and the relative
efficiency of their vertical transport. The class-averaged values
of these indices were computed from the turbulence measurements over
sparse grasslands on the Tibetan plateau during the intensive observations
of GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment
(GAME). It was found that the energy-containing eddies at scales
up to 100z (z being height) are characterised by well-maintained
similarity between these scalars. The scalars are highly correlated
with each other, and their transport efficiencies are almost equal
within this scale range. In contrast, similarity was not always maintained
at scales larger than 1000z. Detailed analyses showed that this breakdown
of similarity occurs occasionally or sporadically, suggesting that
it is caused by events whose average return period is not much smaller
than the current averaging time, i.e. 30 min. We speculate that entrainment
of drier and warmer air at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer
caused the scalar dissimilarity at this scale range.
BibTeX:
@article{sim07,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and Tamagawa, Ichiro and Ishikawa, Hirohiko and Ma, Yaoming and Hayashi, Taiichi and Qi, Yongqiang and Wang, Jiemin},
  title = {Spectral Similarity Between Scalars at very low Frequencies in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer over the Tibetan Plateau},
  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {122},
  number = {1},
  pages = {85--103},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9096-y},
  doi = {10.1007/s10546-006-9096-y}
}
Li S-G, Eugster W, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D and Sugita M (2006), "Energy partitioning and its biophysical controls above a grazing steppe in central Mongolia", Agri. and Forest Meteo.. Vol. 137, pp. 89-106.
Abstract: The objective of this paper was to explore the seasonal development
of how net all-wave radiation (Rn) above a typical steppe in central
Mongolia is partitioned into the three components: sensible heat
(H), latent heat ([lambda]E), and soil heat (G) flux. Seasonal variability
of this partitioning in association with biotic and abiotic variables
was addressed in detail using the evaporative fraction of Rn (EF)
and the canopy surface conductance (gc), which was derived from an
inversion of the Penman-Monteith equation. The surface energy partitioning
of this steppe ecosystem showed the following characteristics: (1)
H dominated the energy partitioning, followed by a relatively large
G, although this pattern was temporally altered under conditions
when the canopy surface was wet and the vegetation was fully developed;
(2) the correlation of the energy partitioning with canopy development
and soil moisture conditions explained up to 79% of the observed
variance in EF and gc. Both factors exhibited linear correspondences
to leaf area index (AL) or soil water content ([theta]); (3) the
effect of atmospheric vapour pressure deficit ([delta]e) on gc (R2
= 0.97) was curvilinear and strongly influenced the energy partitioning.
Due to the limitation of water supply, both EF and gc decreased significantly
with increasing [delta]e; (4) the effect of short-wave solar radiation
(Kd) on EF and gc depended strongly on soil moisture conditions.
When soil moisture was high, EF still showed a decrease with increasing
Kd while gc seemed insensitive to Kd; and (5) on the daily scale,
close coupling of the canopy with the atmosphere was often observed
in the afternoon as represented by the declining role played by gc
in [lambda]E and EF. However, on the seasonal scale, variations in
EF and gc closely followed the variation in AL and the precipitation
events or the dry-wet cycles at the site.
BibTeX:
@article{li06,
  author = {Li, Sheng-Gong and Eugster, Werner and Jun Asanuma and Kotani, Ayumi and Davaa, Gombo and Oyunbaatar, Dambaravjaa and Sugita, Michiaki},
  title = {Energy partitioning and its biophysical controls above a grazing steppe in central Mongolia},
  journal = {Agri. and Forest Meteo.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {89--106},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4JVSWFT-1/2/e4b151f93a212b5bd0f71557bf0c7501},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.010}
}
Li S-G, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Eugster W, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D and Sugita M (2005), "Year-round measurements of net ecosystem CO_2 flux over a montane larch forest in Mongolia", J. Geophys. Res. -Amos.. Vol. 110
Abstract: Mongolian boreal forest merits special attention since it is located
in the transitional area between the southern Siberian boreal forest
and the Asian steppe zone, a vulnerable region being potentially
affected by global warming and anthropogenic activities. This paper
presents the first full-year-long continuous measurements of net
ecosystem CO2 flux (NEE) made over a montane larch (Larix sibirica
Ledeb.) forest in Mongolia from 25 March 2003 to 24 March 2004 (366
days) using the eddy covariance technique. The hourly maximum uptake
was -10.1 μ mol m(-2) s(-1). The maximum daily uptake of -4.0
g C m(-2) d(-1) (negative NEE values denote net carbon uptake by
the canopy from the atmosphere) occurred in July. The annual cumulative
NEE was -85 g C m(-2), indicating that the forest acted as a net
sink of CO2. We examined the responses of NEE to environmental conditions
in the growing season from May to September. Both daytime 30-min
mean and daily integrated NEE responded to incident photosynthetically
active radiation (PAR) in a rectangular hyperbolic fashion. Model
results show that the apparent quantum yield (α) was -0.0133
± 0.0011 mmol CO2 per μ mol of photons, and the
bulk light use efficiency (LUE) on the daily basis was -6.7 mmol
CO2 per mole of PAR photons over the entire growing season for this
forest. Additionally, daily integrated NEE was also a linear function
of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a linear function
of mean daily air temperature (T-a), and a quadratic polynomial function
of daily means of the atmospheric water vapor pressure deficit (VPD).
Among these factors, LAI (as measured by NDVI) was dominant in affecting
the dynamics of NEE, followed by T-a. Lower T-a was limiting the
growth rate of this montane larch forest. As daily means of VPD exceeded
1.2 kPa, net CO2 uptake by the canopy declined. Nevertheless, water
stress was not observed as a problem for the forest growth.
BibTeX:
@article{li05a,
  author = {Li, Sheng-Gong and Jun Asanuma and Kotani, A. and Eugster, W. and Davaa, G. and Oyunbaatar, D. and Sugita, M.},
  title = {Year-round measurements of net ecosystem CO_2 flux over a montane larch forest in Mongolia},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res. -Amos.},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {110},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2004JD005453.shtml},
  doi = {10.1029/2004JD005453}
}
Li S-G, Asanuma J, Eugster W, Kotani A, Liu JJ, Urano T, Oikawa T, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D and Sugita M (2005), "Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe in central Mongolia", Global Change Biology. Vol. 11, pp. 1941-1955.
Abstract: Abstract This paper presents results of 1 year (from March 25, 2003
to March 24, 2004, 366 days) of continuous measurements of net ecosystem
CO2 exchange (NEE) above a steppe in Mongolia using the eddy covariance
technique. The steppe, typical of central Mongolia, is dominated
by C3 plants adapted to the continental climate. The following two
questions are addressed: (1) how do NEE and its components: gross
ecosystem production (GEP) and total ecosystem respiration (Reco)
vary seasonally? (2) how do NEE, GEP, and Reco respond to biotic
and abiotic factors? The hourly minimal NEE and the hourly maximal
Reco were -3.6 and 1.2 mumol m-2 s-1, respectively (negative values
denoting net carbon uptake by the canopy from the atmosphere). Peak
daily sums of NEE, GEP, and Reco were -2.3, 3.5, and 1.5 g C m-2
day-1, respectively. The annual sums of GEP, Reco, and NEE were 179,
138, and -41 g C m-2, respectively. The carbon removal by sheep was
estimated to range between 10 and 82 g C m-2 yr-1 using four different
approaches. Including these estimates in the overall carbon budget
yielded net ecosystem productivity of -23 to +20 g C m-2 yr-1. Thus,
within the remaining experimental uncertainty the carbon budget at
this steppe site can be considered to be balanced. For the growing
period (from April 23 to October 21, 2003), 26% and 53% of the
variation in daily NEE and GEP, respectively, could be explained
by the changes in leaf area index. Seasonality of GEP, Reco, and
NEE was closely associated with precipitation, especially in the
peak growing season when GEP and Reco were largest. Water stress
was observed in late July to early August, which switched the steppe
from a carbon sink to a carbon source. For the entire growing period,
the light response curves of daytime NEE showed a rather low apparent
quantum yield (alpha=-0.0047 mumol CO2 mumol-1 photons of photosynthetically
active radiation). However, the alpha values varied with air temperature
(Ta), vapor pressure deficit, and soil water content.
BibTeX:
@article{li05b,
  author = {Li, Sheng-Gong and Jun Asanuma and Eugster, W. and Kotani, A. and Liu, J. -J. and Urano, T. and Oikawa, T. and Davaa, G. and Oyunbaatar, D. and Sugita, M.},
  title = {Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe in central Mongolia},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1941--1955},
  url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01047.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01047.x}
}
Asanuma J, Ishikawa H, Tamagawa I, Ma Y, Hayashi T, Qi Y and Wang J (2005), "Application of Bandpass Covariance Technique to Portable Flux Measurements Over Tibetan Plateau", Water Resources Res.. Vol. 41
Abstract: Two versions of the band-pass covariance technique were applied to
the turbulence data collected during daytime with a simple and portable
measurement system over the sparse grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau.
The coherency spectra between the temperature and the specific humidity,
which is a spectral counterpart of the correlation coefficient, were
used as a dynamic indicator of the energy-containing ranges as well
as that of the sensor attenuation at higher frequencies. The comparison
with independent measurements by the eddy covariance method showed
that the original version of the band-pass covariance technique occasionally
fails. This indicates breakdowns of the similarity between the temperature
and the water vapor, especially in the lowest-frequency regions.
On the other hand, the latent heat flux computed with the advanced
version exhibited adequate agreement with the eddy covariance method.
This paper demonstrates that the current implementation of the advanced
version with the embedded self-calibration procedure provides a robust
method of frequency extrapolation in scalar flux measurements under
unstable conditions.
BibTeX:
@article{mobile05,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and H. Ishikawa and I. Tamagawa and Y. Ma and T. Hayashi and Y. Qi and J. Wang},
  title = {Application of Bandpass Covariance Technique to Portable Flux Measurements Over Tibetan Plateau},
  journal = {Water Resources Res.},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {41},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005WR003954.shtml},
  doi = {10.1029/2005WR003954}
}
Choi T, Kim J, Lee H, Hong J, Asanuma J, Ishikawa H, Gao Z, Wang J and Koike T (2004), "Turbulent Exchange of Heat, Water Vapor and Momentum over a Tibetan Praire by Eddy Covariance and Flux-Variance Measurements", J. Geophys. Res. -Amos.. Vol. 109(D21)
Abstract: Land-atmosphere interactions on the Tibetan Plateau are important
because of their influence on energy and water cycles on both regional
and global scales. Flux variance and eddy covariance methods were
used to measure turbulent fluxes of heat, water vapor, and momentum
over a Tibetan shortgrass prairie during the Global Energy and Water
Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) in 1998.
Under unstable conditions during the monsoon period (July-September),
the observed standard deviations of temperature and specific humidity
(normalized by appropriate scaling parameters) followed the Monin-Obukhov
theory. The similarity constants for heat CT and water vapor Cq in
their dimensionless functions of stability under a free convection
limit were both 1.1, unlike the differences (i.e., CT le Cq) reported
in other studies. While the transfer efficiency of heat and water
vapor exchange generally agreed with the prediction from the Monin-Obukhov
theory, momentum exchange was less efficient than predicted. In comparison
with the eddy covariance data, the flux variance method (with CT
= Cq = 1.1) underestimated both heat and water vapor fluxes by <5br> When the eddy covariance data were absent, the flux variance method
was used for gap filling the seasonal flux database. To estimate
latent heat flux during the premonsoon period in June, CT/Cq was
approximated as rTq (where rTq is a correlation coefficient for the
fluctuations of temperature and water vapor) because of the sensitivity
of Cq to changes in soil moisture conditions. The dramatic changes
in the Bowen ratio from 9.0 to 0.4 indicate the shift of energy sources
for atmospheric heating over the plateau, which, in turn, resulted
in the shift of turbulent exchange mechanisms for heat and water
vapor.
BibTeX:
@article{choi04,
  author = {Choi, T.J. and Kim, J. and Lee, H. and Hong, J.  and Jun Asanuma and Ishikawa, H. and Gao, Z. and Wang, J. and Koike, T.},
  title = {Turbulent Exchange of Heat, Water Vapor and Momentum over a Tibetan Praire by Eddy Covariance and Flux-Variance Measurements},
  journal = {J. Geophys. Res. -Amos.},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {109},
  number = {D21},
  url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004JD004767.shtml},
  doi = {10.1029/2004JD004767}
}
Asanuma J, Kamimera H and Lu M (2004), "Pan Evaporation Trends in Japan and its Relevance to the Variability of the Hydrological Cycle", Tenki. Vol. 51(9), pp. 101-112.
BibTeX:
@article{pan1_e,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and H. Kamimera and M. Lu},
  title = {Pan Evaporation Trends in Japan and its Relevance to the Variability of the Hydrological Cycle},
  journal = {Tenki},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {51},
  number = {9},
  pages = {101--112},
  note = {(in Japanese with English abstract)},
  url = {http://221.243.18.148/tenki/abs/51_09/a017_028.html}
}
Strunin MA, Hiyama T, Asanuma J and Ohata T (2004), "Aircraft observations of the development of thermal internal boundary layers and scaling of the convective boundary layer over non-homogeneous land surfaces", Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Vol. 111, pp. 491-522.
Abstract: This study investigates the convective boundary layer (CBL) that develops
over a nonhomogeneous surface under different thermal and dynamic
conditions. Analyses are based on data obtained from a Russian research
aircraft equipped with turbulent sensors during the GAME-Siberia
experiment over Yakutsk in Siberia, from April to June 2000. Mesoscale
thermal internal boundary layers (MTIBLs) that radically modified
CBL development were observed under unstable atmospheric conditions.
It was found that MTIBLs strongly influenced the vertical and horizontal
structures of virtual potential temperature, specific humidity and,
most notably, the vertical sensible and latent heat fluxes. MTIBLs
in the vicinity of the Lena River lowlands were confirmed by cloud
distributions in satellite pictures. MTIBLs spread through the entire
CBL and radically modify its structure if the CBL is unstable, and
strong thermal features on the underlying surface have horizontal
scales exceeding 10 km. MT-IBL detection is facilitated through the
use of special parameters linking shear stress and convective motion.
The turbulent structure of the CBL with and without MTIBLs was scaled
using the mosaic or flux aggregate approach. A non-dimensional parameter
L-Rau/L-hetero (where L-Rau is Raupach's length and L-hetero is the
horizontal scale of the surface heterogeneity) estimates the application
limit of similarity and local similarity scaling models for the mosaic
parts over the surface. Normalized vertical profiles of wind speed,
air temperature, turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes for the
mosaic parts with L-Rau/L-hetero < 1 could be estimated by typical
scaling curves for the homogeneous CBL. Traditional similarity scaling
models for the CBL could not be applied for the mosaic parts with
L-Rau/L-hetero > 1. For some horizontally non-homogeneous CBLs, horizontal
sensible heat fluxes were comparable with the vertical fluxes. The
largest horizontal sensible heat fluxes occurred at the top of the
surface layer and below the top of the CBL.
BibTeX:
@article{strunin04,
  author = {Strunin, M. A. and Hiyama, T. and Jun Asanuma and Ohata, T.},
  title = {Aircraft observations of the development of thermal internal boundary layers and scaling of the convective boundary layer over non-homogeneous land surfaces},
  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {491-522},
  url = {http://ipsapp008.kluweronline.com/content/getfile/4556/90/6/abstract.htm}
}
Suzuki R, Hiyama T, Asanuma J and Ohata T (2004), "Land surface identification near Yakutsk in eastern Siberia using video images taken from a hedgehopping aircraft", International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 25(19), pp. 4015-4028.
Abstract: Aircraft-based remote sensing was carried out over the Lena River
region (approximately 100 km horizontal scale) near Yakutsk, in eastern
Siberia, on nine days between 24 April and 19 June 2000. A home-use
video camera was installed on the aircraft and aerial images of the
land surface were recorded. By flying at very low altitudes (100
m and 150 m), we compensated for the low resolution of the camera.
In all, 5515 scenes were sampled at 10-s intervals from the video,
visually interpreted, and classified. The snow/ice and water cover
conditions were also interpreted. The results showed that grassland
covers the riverine lowland (RLL) of the Lena River, while the principal
form of land cover over the terraces is larch forest (about 61.
There was a remarkable contrast between the left (LBT) and right
(RBT) bank terraces of the Lena River, no-forest areas covered 28.8br> of the RBT, whereas no-forest areas covered only 13.8% of the LBT.
In addition, the LBT had a greater proportion of birch forest than
the RBT (15.2% vs 2.5. The video data over eight days showed
that the snow thawed first in the RLL and last in the forested areas
of the LBT and RBT. An increase in the area covered by water in the
RLL in mid-May was probably due to flooding by the Lena River. Distinguishing
insolated from cloud-shadowed scenes of the land surface revealed
that the insolation rate was lower over the LBT and RBT than over
the RLL. The land-cover database created in this analysis will play
an important role as basic, reliable ground-truth information for
studies using satellite images.
BibTeX:
@article{suzuki04,
  author = {R. Suzuki and T. Hiyama and Jun Asanuma and T. Ohata},
  title = {Land surface identification near Yakutsk in eastern Siberia using video images taken from a hedgehopping aircraft},
  journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {25},
  number = {19},
  pages = {4015--4028},
  url = {http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1080/01431160310001654941}
}
Hiyama T, Strunin MA, Suzuki R, Asanuma J, Mezrin MY, Bezrukova NA and Ohata T (2003), "Aircraft observations of the atmospheric boundary layer over a heterogeneous surface in eastern Siberia", Hydro. Process. Vol. 17, pp. 2885-2911.
Abstract: This paper outlines specifications and gives preliminary results of
aircraft observations made during the Intensive Observation Period
in 2000 (IOP2000) over the Yakutsk area of eastern Siberia. The observations
were part of the GAME-Siberia project. Spatial and seasonal variation
in the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide were
determined using a Russian aircraft equipped with turbulence sensors.
Two flight paths covered 12 x 32 kin 2 grids over heterogeneous forest
and grass surfaces on the leftand right-hand banks of the Lena River.
The spatial flux distributions were consistent with the underlying
vegetation cover. A video camera recorded aerial images of the land,
while a spectrometer observed the spectral reflectance of the land
surface. These data helped describe the relationship between the
atmosphere and the land surface. The vertical structure of the atmospheric
boundary layer (ABL) was also observed on long flight paths between
the left and right banks of the Lena River. Thermally induced internal
boundary layers (TIBLs) developed in the ABL under different thermal
and dynamic conditions near the Lena River. The horizontal and vertical
distributions of sensible and latent heats in the ABL were consistent
with the generation of cumulus, which appeared over the forested
area, but not over the Lena River lowland. Copyright (C) 2003 John
Wiley Sons, Ltd.
BibTeX:
@article{hiyama03,
  author = {Hiyama, T. and Strunin, M. A. and Suzuki, R. and Jun Asanuma and Mezrin, M. Y. and Bezrukova, N. A. and Ohata, T.},
  title = {Aircraft observations of the atmospheric boundary layer over a heterogeneous surface in eastern Siberia},
  journal = {Hydro. Process},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {2885-2911},
  url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/105560485/ABSTRACT}
}
Asanuma J, Dias NL, Kustas WP and Brutsaert W (2000), "Observations of neutral profiles of wind speed and specific humidity above a gently rolling landsurface", J. Met Soc. Japan. Vol. 78(6), pp. 719-730.
Abstract: Analyses were made of wind speed and specific humidity profiles under
neutral conditions obtained by radiosoundings over the gently rolling
terrain of the Little Washita Basin, Oklahoma. Inspection of the
wind speed profiles showed that the regional (scale of 1 to 10 km)
roughness of this basin was z(0) = 0.45 +/- 0.21 m, while the displacement
height, d(0), was found to be 8.9 m. The logarithmic layer of wind
speed was observed to occupy the range, (38 +/- 43)z(0) less than
or equal to (z - d(0)) less than or equal to (297 +/- 147)z(0) or
(0.15 +/- 0.10)h(i) where h(i) is the height of the bottom of the
capping inversion. This result is comparable with those of previous
investigations for the lower limit of the range; however, this result
also suggests that over this terrain h(i) is the relevant length
scale for the upper limit. Evaporation values at the regional scale
were computed by combining the wind speed profiles with the specific
humidity profiles. Comparison with surface flux measurements at Bowen
ratio ground stations supports the idea that profiles in the neutral
atmospheric surface layer aloft at around 100 m above the ground
are conditioned by upwind surface characteristics at the meso-gamma
scale.
BibTeX:
@article{abntrl,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and Dias, N. L. and Kustas, W. P. and W. Brutsaert},
  title = {Observations of neutral profiles of wind speed and specific humidity above a gently rolling landsurface},
  journal = {J. Met Soc. Japan},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {78},
  number = {6},
  pages = {719-730}
}
Gao ZQ, Wang JM, Ma YM, Kim J, Choi TJ, Lee HC, Asanuma J and Su ZB (2000), "Calculation of near-surface layer turbulent transport and analysis of surface thermal equilibrium features in Nagqu of Tibet", Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere. Vol. 25, pp. 135-139.
Abstract: This study investigates aerodynamic roughness Z(0), drag coefficient
C-D, momentum flux Z, sensible heat flux H and latent heat flux LE
in terms of the extended gradient method, followed by dealing with
net radiation R and coefficient of soil thermal exchange G with the
daily variation by dint of the thermal balance technique and Fourier
law. The data used in this analysis are those of the Nagqu near-surface
layer flux observations,obtained during GAME/Tibet (GEWEX Asian Monsoon
Experiments/Tibet) in the period June 1 to July 20, 1998. (C) 2000
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{gao00a,
  author = {Gao, Z. Q. and Wang, J. M. and Ma, Y. M. and Kim, J. and Choi, T. J. and Lee, H. C. and Jun Asanuma and Su, Z. B.},
  title = {Calculation of near-surface layer turbulent transport and analysis of surface thermal equilibrium features in Nagqu of Tibet},
  journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {135-139},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VPV-3YS86JM-F&_user=128923&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2000&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236216%232000%23999749997%23171692%23FLP%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=6216&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=20&_acct=C000010078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=128923&md5=fc9d1af58398af026d6b56bddaf37204},
  doi = {10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00124-0}
}
Gao ZQ, Wang JM, Ma YM, Kim J, Choi TJ, Lee HC, Asanuma J and Su ZB (2000), "Study of roughness lengths and drag coefficients over Nansha Sea region, Gobi, desert, oasis and Tibetan plateau", Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere. Vol. 25, pp. 141-145.
Abstract: Near-surface turbulent fluxes observations from three targe-scale
surface-atmosphere interaction field experiments are studied. In
the context of the extended Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, investigation
was performed of aerodynamic roughness (z(0)), scalar roughness (z(T),
z(Q)), neutral drag coefficient (C-DN), bulk transfer coefficient
(sensible heat exchange coefficient C-HN and vapor analog C-EN) from
a calm and a rough sea of the Nansha region, separately, and of aerodynamic
roughness and drag coefficients from Gobi, desert, oasis and the
Tibetan plateau, together with the related distribution of the wind
u. Some meaningful results have been derived. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{gao00b,
  author = {Gao, Z. Q. and Wang, J. M. and Ma, Y. M. and Kim, J. and Choi, T. J. and Lee, H. C. and Jun Asanuma and Su, Z. B.},
  title = {Study of roughness lengths and drag coefficients over Nansha Sea region, Gobi, desert, oasis and Tibetan plateau},
  journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology Oceans and Atmosphere},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {141-145},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VPV-3YS86JM-G&_user=128923&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2000&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236216%232000%23999749997%23171692%23FLP%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=6216&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=20&_acct=C000010078&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=128923&md5=40d4fca60d61b748b61959bc7eeafe14},
  doi = {10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00126-4}
}
Asanuma J and Brutsaert W (1999), "The effect of chessboard variability of the surface fluxes on the aggregated turbulence fields in a convective atmospheric surface layer", Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Vol. 91(1), pp. 37-50.
Abstract: To what degree the variability of surface features can be identified
in the turbulent signals observed in the atmospheric boundary layer
is still an unresolved problem. This was investigated by conducting
an analytical experiment for a one-dimensional 'chessboard'-type
surface-flux distribution on the basis of local free convection scaling.
The results showed that, due to their nonlinear dependency on the
surface fluxes, the dimensionless gradients of the mean quantities
and the dimensionless standard deviations are altered by the surface-flux
variability. Furthermore, passive scalars, such as humidity, are
considerably more sensitive to surface variability than the main
active scalar, temperature. However, the response of the gradients
of the mean quantities is fairly negligible in the range of variability
studied herein as compared to that of the standard deviations, which
were found to be more sensitive to the surface-flux variability.
In addition, the phase difference between the active and the passive
scalar flux distribution strongly affects the passive scalar turbulence.
This dissimilarity between passive and active scalars, or between
passive scalars when their source distributions are different, brings
into question the use of variance methods for the measurement of
a scalar flux, such as evaporation, over variable surfaces. The classical
Bowen ratio method, which depends on the validity of the Reynolds
analogy for the vertical gradients of the mean quantities, was shown
to be relatively more robust. However, under conditions of strong
surface variability, it can also be expected to fail.
BibTeX:
@article{abchess1,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and Wilfried Brutsaert},
  title = {The effect of chessboard variability of the surface fluxes on the aggregated turbulence fields in a convective atmospheric surface layer},
  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {91},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37-50}
}
Asanuma J and Brutsaert W (1999), "Turbulence variance characteristics of temperature and humidity in the unstable atmospheric surface layer above a variable pine forest", Water Resources Res.. Vol. 35(2), pp. 515-521.
Abstract: Second-order turbulence moments of vertical velocity w, temperature
theta, and specific humidity q observed with an aircraft in the atmospheric
surface layer over a flat maritime pine forest were used to investigate
the applicability of the variance methods to variable terrain. The
variances of w and a were found approximately to obey Monin-Obukhov
similarity, while that of q clearly did not. Further investigation
suggested the possibility that the surface variability affected the
fluctuations of q and that it also caused a breakdown of the similarity
between the scalars theta and q. Different versions of the variance
method were tested, and several of them were found to predict the
surface flux of sensible heat with satisfactory accuracy. The latent
heat flux estimates were in reasonable agreement when the dimensionless
functions were calibrated locally.
BibTeX:
@article{abvar1,
  author = {Jun Asanuma and Wilfried Brutsaert},
  title = {Turbulence variance characteristics of temperature and humidity in the unstable atmospheric surface layer above a variable pine forest},
  journal = {Water Resources Res.},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {515-521}
}